After a very full two weeks in Uzbekistan we had a few final memories to add.

We do not think anyone would visit Uzbekistan for a culinary experience, especially fish lovers and we came with fairly low expectations. On the whole we were pleasantly surprised but after a few days noticed that all restaurants provide broadly the same menu. There are some similarities with Turkish food, although spices are used much less, pulses and cheese are limited as is the choice of fruit and vegetables.

Uzbeks like meat with the national dish being plov. We went to a plov making demonstration in a shop which doubled as a family home with the kitchen in the basement. Plov is a meat, generally lamb or beef, pilaf. Other than meat (which can be quite fatty) the main ingredients are rice, carrots, garlic, a mixture of spices and chilli. Uzbeks eat plov on special occasions and any other time where budgets stretch to it.

Most Uzbeks, being fairly strict Muslims, do not drink alcohol but beer and vodka are readily available for tourists at very reasonable prices as there do not seem to be alcohol taxes. Some restaurants are alcohol free but where alcohol is sold it is illegal to sell it for cash; it has to be paid for by card. The same applies to cigarettes (although we saw very little smoking), due a recent law designed to combat illegal sales and tax evasion.

Since the 1960s Uzbekistan has been producing wine. The grape varieties are a mix of local, Georgian and French. We went to a wine and spirits tasting but left more than we drank. On our trip we stuck to local beer which was palatable.

All cities have central food markets in Soviet style buildings. The fruit and vegetables are good quality, much of it grown in greenhouses. We bought strawberries and cherries which had just come into season. We also bought almond oil which is rich in vitamin E, to help clear up our colds, a recommendation of our guide whose parents were both doctors. As well as beef, lamb and chicken, horse meat is very popular as are all things sweet. We didn’t (knowingly) eat horse meat but we did discover that the yoghurt drink we are familiar with from Turkey (ayran) is sometimes made with horse milk. We were advised to avoid the “cheese balls” as the farmer producers are not always diligent with handwashing.

We travelled in Uzbekistan by one internal Uzbekistan Airlines flight, two trains and by road. Our route took us close to the four other former CIS neighbouring countries (a good geography lesson!).

Trains and planes had the feel of Soviet years both in terms of the transport and the level of security checks. The stations also date from Soviet times while airports are very modern, but with rather chaotic boarding arrangements. The trains have numerous staff including a conductor for every carriage. Aside from checking your passport and ticket, the conductor helps with luggage, a welcome novelty.

Some of the roads were modern but others provided “Asian massages” which made complaints about potholes in the UK seem frivolous. We also experienced a 30 minute wait at a rail crossing only to discover that trains and vehicles shared a single track across a bridge over a river – this was on the country’s main route from west to east near the the intersection with the road into close by Turkmenistan and a major freight route. On reflection 30 minutes was a good result.

Food at roadside restaurants and cafes was generally good (better than most UK equivalents and a fraction of the price), unlike the toilets. All public toilets require payment of between 12p and 30p, but that does not guarantee cleanliness. However having to pay after eating at the adjacent restaurant at a roadside stop and then having to hold your nose to use the only sink while Uzbeks wash their feet in was a new experience, especially as many people were not sufficiently tall or agile to do so without great difficulty. At another stop the cubicle walls were around shoulder height. Carrying your own toilet paper is an expected part of such travel; where it existed it was Soviet rations style (a greyish crepe paper !).

The Uzbek language is officially written in Latin script but until recently it was written in Russian Cyrillic script and prior to that Arabic. As a result many words, particularly names of people and places have evolved to have multiple Latin scripts spellings. We soon discovered that our knowledge of a bit of Turkish was helpful as around 60% of Uzbek is the same or similar. For instance all the numbers are the same as well as many food items. The Uzbeks were surprised and it soon became a topic of conversation, together with football and British music. Uzbekistan have become the first Central Asian country to qualify for the World Cup and their star player plays for Manchester City.

Uzbekistan is a very inexpensive country for Western tourists with the average monthly salary being approximately 500 US dollars. They have suffered from inflation and the currency, the som, is approximately 16,000 to the pound. Lunch for three, including our guide, with service was typically 300,000 som, less than £20. Even with a couple of beers, dinner was not that much more.

We came across relatively few British travellers. Tourists, aside from domestic, most commonly came from other Stan countries, Russia, China, Italy, France and Germany.

On our return journey to Tashkent our mountain guide took us on a diversion to see the petroglyphs at Hodjikent. The rocks are accessed through the garden of a restaurant with a crystal clear stream which is being used to farm carp.

The rock art is believed to be around 10,000 years old. Limited archaeological activity has sought to find other signs of life but unsuccessfully. However, locally it is believed that for almost 1,000 years up to the beginning of the 16th century, the same location was a staging post on the Great Silk Road where goods were transferred from horses arriving over the mountains to the east, to camels for onward travel across the steppes and desert. The evidence is ancient mulberry trees and Asian sycamore trees in the restaurant’s garden which are not indigenous and are up to 800 years old.

The guide spent his childhood in this area and became an adept climber as a teenager practising on the rocks.

Approximately 60km north east of Tashkent is Lake Charvak; a manmade reservoir created by the damming of four rivers between 1964 and 1970 when Uzbekistan was part of the USSR. The purpose was to enhance the country’s agricultural output through irrigation and generate hydroelectric power.

The lake sits at the western edge of the Tien-Chan mountain range which stretches 2,900 km to China. The area within Uzbekistan is becoming an alpine resort for wealthy people from Tashkent and foreign tourists, mostly Russian. It is less than two hours drive from Taskent and offers cooler weather in the summer and skiing in the winter.

Our planned hike was rearranged by our guide as he felt the area has become spoilt with illegal building work within the National Park (the building “system” reminded us of Turkey). The guide, a 72 year old veteran of the Afghan war in 1979 suggested an alternative “easy” hike. Given his background clearly the term was subjective – our hike to Little Chimgan was quite challenging enough! The hike starts at 1,550 metres and the peak is at 2,099 metres. On reaching the saddle at 1,840, despite the guide’s encouragement to continue we felt that the altitude, strength of the sun and steep slopes had given us enough of a workout.

For the rest of the day, we headed to Amirsoy where a cable car took us to a restaurant at 2,290 metres. Although the peak was busy we were the only customers in the restaurant due to its strange pricing, including a 200,000 Som cover charge per table, which puts locals off. Even including this charge the total for three people was less than £40 but this is very expensive for Uzbekistan.

The Registan is Samarkand’s central square, which in Persian translates as “sandy place”. It is made up of three buildings

• On the left Ulug Bek Madrasa built between 1417 and 1420
• On the right the Sher Dor Madrasa built between 1619 and 1636
• In the centre the Tilla Kari Madrasa built between 1646 and 1660

Together they form one of the architectural wonders of the world.

Our hotel was a 15 minute walk from the square enabling us to visit before breakfast and in the evening as well as during the day with our guide. In total we visited five times, seeing different aspects each time. Not surprisingly there was a vast difference in terms of visitor numbers at different times.

Archaeological evidence dates Samarkand to the 6th century BC around Afrosiab Fort. Alexander the Great took the city, then named Marakanda, in 329BC from its Sogdian rulers saying that it was even more beautiful than he imagined.

It recovered after destruction by Gengis Khan and Marco Polo commented on the beauty of Samarkand during his travels in the late 13th century.

In 1370 Timur made it his capital of one of the largest empires in the world and built madrasas, mosques, palaces, mausoleums, trading domes and caravanserai to recognise this. When Timur’s grandson Ulug Bek obtained control he demonstrated his scientific knowledge by building an observatory in the early 15th century. He is now recognised as one of the world’s leading astronomers.

In 1917 Samarkand fell peacefully to the Bolsheviks and was named the capital of Uzbek SSR in 1925 for five years.

Today it is Uzbekistan’s second largest city with a population of around 650,000. Unlike Bukhara and Khiva, the main buildings of historical interest are less concentrated in a central area, interspersed with Soviet and more recent developments.

The details of the founding of Bukhara are unknown, however by the 6th century it was thriving mainly due to its location half way between Samarkand and Merv and its access to water from the Amu Darya river.

The 9th and 10th centuries were the city’s golden age before the Mongols arrived in 1220. Gengis Khan had been heading towards the 46m high Kalyan Minaret for days. By legend, on arriving at the minaret Gengis Khan’s hat came off and he saw it as an omen, so did not destroy the minaret unlike the rest of the city. He also killed or enslaved the whole population.

A khanate was established in 1500 and the city became wealthy again. The city fortress (The Ark) was rebuilt for defence, although much was destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1920.

During the Great Game, British Army officers tried to engage with the Khan of Bukhara. Lt Colonel Charles Stoddard arrived, after weeks of travelling across the desert, but unintentionally caused at least one breach of royal protocol and was thrown in the Ark jail. Captain Arthur Connolly later arrived to try and secure his colleague’s release but was also thrown in the filthy jail. Both men were subsequently executed.

Today Bukhara is a city of approximately 300,000, with the old city centre pedestrianised. The old city has a small Jewish quarter; although a synagogue remains most of the Jewish community have moved away. The Soviets built a railway station and factories in a new town about 10km away.

The last Khan of Bukhara built a summer palace just outside the city. Apparently he had travelled to and met people from a number of European countries, so wanted to replicate some of the fashions and architecture. The result, we felt, lost quite a bit in translation!

The Khorezm oasis is an area of the Amu Darya river delta, which is situated in Western Uzbekistan north of Khiva and Turkmenistan. Khorezm was an independent state from around the 4th century BC which is when the building of the forts began.

Approximately 50 forts were built; the ruins of eight still survive which were still being fortified until the Mongolian attacks began in 1219.

We hiked up three forts including Topraq Kala which archaeologists have discovered also incorporated a royal palace. From the top of Ayaz Kala we had an excellent view of the second Ayaz Kala (there are three in total, the third is visible but a ruin).

According to legend Khiva was founded by Shem, the son of Noah. However, excavations have proven that it has been continuously inhabited for over 2,500 years. The inner city, Itchan Kala, was last destroyed by Gengis Khan in 1220 before being rebuilt. Since then it has flourished as a major Silk Road city with the building of mosques and madrasas.

In 1990, Itchan Kala was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is unusual that one of the most famous sites, Mohammad Amir Khan’s Madrasa is now a hotel, the Orient Star, where we stayed. The last Khan of Khiva, Sayid Abdullah was forced out by the Bolsheviks in 1920 and died in poverty in Ukraine.

During the Soviet period many of the buildings crumbled and/or were used for different functions, for example madrasas were used for storage.

The modern functional amenities are found in Urgench about 20km away from Khiva. This is where we flew to from Tashkent, a flight of just over an hour.