The origin of the city dates back to Roman times, however the city as it is now came into being on 17th November 1873 when the cities of Buda and Pest were unified to become the new capital of Hungary. Unlike Vienna, the cities of Buda and Pest were conquered by Ottomans, being under their rule from 1526 for 150 years. Following the defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna, the cities were liberated and entered a period of new prosperity, eventually being co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian empire. There has been “competition” between Vienna and Budapest, both with a similar population. An example is that after the building of the Vienna Opera House, Budapest sought to have one of its own, but the story goes that they were not allowed to build a bigger one than Vienna, but nobody told them they could not build a more beautiful one.

Buda is on hilly land on the west bank of the Danube, with Pest on the flat east bank. The best vantage point is Buda Castle, which for the first two days of our visit was closed for the more impoartant visit of President Xi.

Hungary lost much of its power and lands following WWI and WWII was an even greater disaster. Budapest suffered major damage and loss of life from the Soviet Army which eventually took control of the city and country. Prior to that Nazi Germans, with the support of the local Arrow Cross Party imprisioned, deported or murdered 564,000 Jews, 434,000 between 15 May and 9 June 1944. The only Jews to survive were those in the Budapest Ghetto, purely because time run out as Soviet troops beseiged the city.

The city was under Soviet control until the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, despite a revolution in 1956 which resulted in the execution of President Nagy. Since then the city has been revitalised; river cruise boats visit, film studios use it as a location and there has been considereable rennovation and new buildings, however the city still has the scars of its history including brutalist communist appartments.

We discovered that we knew more Hungarian than we thought as a number of Turkish words came into the Hungarian language due to the Ottoman occupation. As the Ottomans were keen to develop agriculture, many of these words are connected to farming such as fruit and vegetables.

Budapest was our final stop from where we flew to Turkey.

The Great Synagogue

Vienna in the east of Austria has a population of over 2 million of Austria’s total population of around 9 million. It has been the centre of European history for over a thousand years. Most of the more recent history is well known; Austro-Hungary triggering WW1 after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Serbia and following the Anschluss of 1938, widely popular in Austria at the time, to rejoin Germany under Austrian Adolf Hitler and WW11.

Much earlier, in 1683 Vienna resisted the Ottoman Empire who were seeking, for the second time, to caputure the city. The city, beseiged for over a month with starving inhabitants, was about to fall before the intervention of the Polish who helped defeat the Ottomans and save the city. This prevented the Ottomans from achieving their objective of expansion across continental Europe. In their haste to retreat the Ottomans left behind bags of coffee beans and from this sprang the coffee houses and cafe culture which remain just as popular today.

The city had a golden era of building in the late 19th Century, including the world famous opera house which due to looking more like a factory was bombed in WW11. Like many cities in the region Vienna experienced significant damage during WWII; rebuilding and rennovation did not get properly underway until Austria regained its independence in 1955. Vienna is now a magnet for tourism based on its history and cultural attractions, making its historic centre a UNESCO World Herritage Site.

Then off to Budapest, the other major capital of the Austro-Hungarian empire…..it means nothing to them Oh ! Vienna.

Salzburg is in the west of Austria and just over 90 minutes by train from Munich. The name literally means salt castle, derived from the source of its wealth. The city is protected and overlooked by the Hohensalzburg Fortress, initially built in the 11th century but its current fortifications were constructed in the 16th and 17th centuries to protect the city from potential invasion by the Ottoman Empire.

Around every corner in Salzburg is a reminder that on 27th January 1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born here. By the age of five he could play keyboard and violin and was beginning to compose and perform before royalty. By the time he moved to Vienna in 1781 he had been travelling for 10 of his 25 years including a visit to London aged 8 in order to meet JC Bach. Wolfgang’s older sister, Maria Anna was also a very talented musician. As a child she toured with her brother, often receiving top billing. However, given the views of her parents, prevelant in society at the time, she was no longer permitted to travel and perform with her brother once she had reached marriageable age. Although she composed, with letters from her brother showing praise for her work, none of her compositions have survived.

The other musical attraction for tourists in Salzburg is The Sound of Music. The Austrians we spoke to are pleased for the income it generates but not impressed by its historical accuracy. So long, farewell….and on to the next stop, Vienna.

With no direct train from Strasbourg we connected through Stuttgart to reach Munich. With very few words of German between us we were grateful for the willingness of the people we met to speak English, once our few words had expired. That said, the first person we spoke to was the Turkish driver of the taxi that took us from the station to our hotel.

Munich is a modern and propperous city (population of 1.6 million), with a similar feel to some cities in Northern Italy, from which it is only a two hour drive. It is the capital of Bavaria and was founded in 1158 to control the salt trade which was essential for food preservation. As well as salt, considerable wealth was derived from developing and controlling the beer industry.

The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled Bavaria from 1180 until 1918. The British royal family are decended from the Wittlesbach princess Sophia of Hanover. The family ruled from the Residenz, the largest city palace in Germany, the building of which started in 1385 with many additions and changes made over the years depending on the fashions of the period. In common with much of Munich, It was badly damaged by Allied bombing in World War II but has been renovated.

The Frauenkirche, Munich Cathedral, was built in the 15th Century in only 20 years. Its importance to Munich and Bavaria is such that no building in the city is allowed to be taller. During World War II much of the building and its contents were destroyed, it was rebuilt and reopened in 1994.

Strasbourg is the capital of the Grand Est region of France formerly Alsace and the official seat of the European Parliament. Strategically situated on the River Rhine, which acts as the border with Germany, it has been an important trade hub for 2000 years. It is the second largest port on the Rhine and the second largest river port in France. It featured as an important part of the Protestant Reformation and Johannes Gutenberg lived in the city for 10 year around the time her invented the printing press. Alsace was part of France from 1681 until Germany took control at the end of the Franco-Prussian war in 1871, before returning to French rule in 1918 following World War I.

The city is dominated by Strasbourg cathedral built between 1015 and 1439. With a spire height of 142 metres (20m higher than Salisbury cathedral) it was the tallest building in the world between 1647 and 1874, inheriting the distinction as a result of damage to prior holders of the record.

Colmar is 40 miles south of Strasbourg and is the third largest city in Alsace. We visited on a day trip from Strasbourg, by train. It is famous for its half timbered houses and its narrow canals, nicknamed (locally and generously) as “Little Venice”. It is the birthplace of the French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi who is best known for designing the Statue of Liberty, although he was the sculptor responsible for numerous other works, predominantly in the US and France. Many of the sketches and miniture designs of his works are on display in a museum dedicated to him in the house he was born in.

Our journey started from London St Pancras International station. The station was designed by railway engineer William Henry Barlow and opened in 1868. The Midland Grand Hotel (now Renainsance St Pancras) is the gothic frontpiece designed by George William Scott and opened in 1873, closed in 1935 and reopened in 2011.

The first leg of our two week rail journey was to Strasbourg via a change at Lille.